Sustainability
2025 Learning Resource Guide
Collection of reference publications on sustainable architecture
Living in a climate emergency: our generation has had to live through one of the most uncertain eras in human history.
Behind the apparent calm and well-being perceived by the small percentage of fortunate inhabitants of the global north, our planet is undergoing massive changes that are slowly affecting the fragile balance upon which our civilization rests.
Some skeptics of the theory of infinite growth, which keeps most mortals busy consuming products and content, manage to read enough to understand that we are on the edge of an abyss—unprecedented climate change that could lead us to scientifically documented mass extinction scenarios.
Faced with this reality, some of us choose to fight because we believe that if we manage to connect a sufficient number of conscious individuals and join forces, we can motivate change.
A struggle that stems from our passion for architecture; this is why we work tirelessly to demonstrate that it is possible to achieve a conscious architecture of minimal impact that respects the health of people and the environment, built with natural materials of low ecological footprint and local origin, forming part of a closed cycle.
To carry this out successfully, training and learning are essential. For this reason, today we share our list of indispensable learning resources—a list we have compiled over more than 10 years of practice and activism in sustainable architecture, published openly with the aim of reaching more committed people and joining collective efforts.
This is an open list that we will expand as the months and years go by, and we hope to expand it with your contributions as well.
1. Regulations and frameworks
EPBD

Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings, approved on April 24.
The new EPBD establishes stricter standards for energy efficiency in construction; we are moving from building Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings to Zero-Emission Buildings. Most importantly, for the first time, it addresses embodied carbon, making it mandatory to declare the calculation of emissions derived from building materials.
Download link for the latest version of the EPBD.
UNE-EN 15978

UNE-EN 15978 is a Spanish standard that establishes calculation methods for assessing the environmental performance of buildings through life cycle analysis. Published in May 2012, it focuses on sustainability in construction, providing guidelines to evaluate the environmental impact of buildings throughout their life cycle.
Link for download, though payment is required.
European Commission Level(s)

The European Commission’s Level(s) framework for sustainable buildings offers a common language to assess and report the sustainability performance of buildings, facilitating the application of circular economy principles in the built environment. It provides a proven system to measure and improve sustainability at all stages, from design to end-of-life, with core indicators covering carbon, materials, water, health, comfort, and climate impacts. Level(s) is a flexible tool for identifying critical sustainability areas and ensuring the future viability of projects or portfolios, contributing to EU policy goals to strengthen the sustainability of European buildings, which represent significant resource consumption and waste generation.
2. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
To address the decarbonization of the sector, we must work with verified data. Therefore, architects and builders must work hand-in-hand with engineers and scientists to understand the impact of our constructions and address effective actions.
Below, we have compiled open and free reference scientific articles.
How can carbon be stored in the built environment? A review of potential options

How can carbon be stored in the built environment? A review of potential options, Matti Kuittinen, Caya Zernicke, Simon Slabik, Annette Hafner, Architectural Science Review, Special Issue on Low Carbon Buildings and Neighbourhoods, 2021
To achieve carbon neutrality, emissions in the construction sector must be drastically reduced and the remainder offset. Although approaches exist to store carbon in the built environment, they have not been used systematically. This article reviews 13 carbon storage technologies, suggesting underutilized potential for accumulating atmospheric carbon in construction.
Renovation process challenges and barriers: addressing the communication and coordination bottlenecks in the zero-energy building renovation workflow in European residential buildings

Renovation process challenges and barriers: addressing the communication and coordination bottlenecks in the zero-energy building renovation workflow in European residential buildings, Alejandro Prieto, Tatiana Armijos-Moya, Thaleia Konstantinou, Architectural Science Review, 2023
To accelerate the implementation of Nearly Zero-Energy Building (NZEB) renovations in Europe, a strategy incorporating both passive and active components is required, which increases complexity and costs. This article proposes mapping the renovation process on digital platforms to address communication and coordination challenges among the various stakeholders involved.
The Role of Green Building Materials in Reducing Environmental and Human Health Impacts

The Role of Green Building Materials in Reducing Environmental and Human Health Impacts, Environ Res Public Health, 2020
Conventional building materials (CBMs) are a primary source of indoor air pollutants. Biocomposites, as green building materials (GBMs), are an ecological alternative that significantly reduces these impacts. This study compares hybrid bio-based biocomposites with petroleum-based composites, showing that biocomposites can reduce human health impacts by more than 50%. The results indicate that biocomposites are a sustainable solution for improving air quality and health.
Overview of HOMEChem: House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry

Overview of HOMEChem: House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2019
The HOMEChem study analyzes how daily activities affect emissions and chemical transformations in indoor air. Experiments in a research house showed that cooking generates large amounts of VOCs, CO2, NOx, and ultrafine particles. Even without occupancy, organic gas concentrations were higher indoors than outdoors, and organic material accumulated on interior surfaces.
BUILDING AS A GLOBAL CARBON SINK?

Building as a Global Carbon Sink? A Reality Check on Feasibility Limits, One Earth, 2020
The built environment is difficult to decarbonize but plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation amid rapid urbanization. Replacing conventional building materials with biological materials that store carbon offers a potential solution. Here, we reflect on the capacity of global forests to provide the necessary land area by mid-century.
CARBON REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY PATHWAYS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS IN EIGHT CITIES

Carbon reduction technology pathways for existing buildings in eight cities, Nature Communications, 2023
We collaborated with urban leaders in eight global cities to develop technological strategies to reduce carbon emissions in existing buildings in the short and long term. Our renovation and local photovoltaic generation approaches can decrease energy use and emissions by up to 66% and 84%, respectively. Cities like Braga, Dublin, Florianópolis, Middlebury, and Singapore are on track to reach their 2030 targets, while Florianópolis and Singapore could achieve 2050 goals with the projected decarbonization of the power grid.
HEALTH EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

Health Effects of Artificial Lights, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), 2012
3. ESTUDIOS DE REFERENCIA
Beyond Growth, Pathways towards sustainable prosperity in the EU

Beyond Growth, Pathways towards sustainable prosperity in the EU, European Parliament, 2023
Estudio de referencia que surge de la conferencia Más allá del Crecimiento organizado por el Parlamento Europeo que tuvo lugar del 15 al 17 de mayo de 2023. Este estudio nos introduce en el debate sobre ir más allá del crecimiento económico. Se divide en dos partes: la primera presenta el estado actual, destacando la dependencia del crecimiento económico y el PIB como medida clave, así como sus puntos ciegos y la necesidad de abordar múltiples fallas del sistema. La segunda parte explora el caso para cambiar los impulsores subyacentes del sistema y cómo puede producirse una transformación del sistema, presentando marcos de políticas existentes o sugeridas para efectuar cambios, así como herramientas específicas relevantes para realizar transiciones económicas.
ipcc sixth assessment report chapter 9: buildings

Capítulo 9: Edificios, Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2022
En 2019, el sector de la construcción generó 12 GtCO2-eq en emisiones de GEI, representando el 21% de las emisiones globales, con un 57% proveniente de la generación externa de electricidad y calor, un 24% de emisiones directas de CO2 in situ y un 18% de la producción de cemento y acero. Además, la demanda de energía final en edificios alcanzó los 128,8 EJ, siendo los edificios residenciales responsables del 70% de esta demanda y superando los 43 EJ en consumo de electricidad, lo que representó más del 18% de la demanda global de electricidad.
Embodied Carbon in the Building Sector

Embodied Carbon in the Building Sector, Annex 72 – Assessing Life Cycle Related Environmental Impacts Caused by Buildings, C Ramboll, 2022
Las decisiones de inversión en edificaciones realizadas hoy determinan en gran medida sus impactos ambientales a lo largo de décadas, implicando un equilibrio entre inversiones iniciales y potenciales ahorros a lo largo de su vida útil. La Evaluación del Ciclo de Vida (LCA) complementa la información económica al proporcionar datos sobre los impactos ambientales, lo que ayuda a tomar medidas para aumentar la eficiencia de recursos en la construcción.
AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE

Air Quality Guidelines Second Edition, World Health Organization, 2000





























